B.pharma second sem question answer 2022

 B.Pharmacy second sem.question answer 2022 

Pathophysiology 

                   Unit 1st

Short Answer Type question

1)Define the following terms:

i)Pathophysiology

ii)Pathogenesis

iii)Exerimental pathology

iv)Molecular pathology

v)Etiology

Ans-Pathophysiology -

  It is the study of the biological and physical manifestation of disease and correlation with the underlying abnormalities and physiological disturbances.

ii)Pathogenesis-

Study of the progression of a disease,including the mechanism of its establishment,and thus development. 

iii)Experimental pathology-

Study of disease processes by microscopic or molecular examination of organs,tissues,,cells or body fluids of diseased individuals.

iv)Molecular pathology-

Detection and diagnosis of abnormalities at the level of cellular DNA.

v)Etiology-

Study of factors causing a disease, like the diet of an individual, the environment,inheritance and other genetic factors, occupation,general health and age of the individual.

2)Discuss the types of cellular response to cellular injury.

Ans -Cellular response to any injury depend on the type of cell or tissue involved;and extent and type of injury.Cell may respond in three ways to any stress.

1)adaptive changes/cellular adaptation:

                                                                In order to survive and maintain the normal steady state "homeostasis" the cell adjust themselves with the changing environment depending on the physiological needs ,which is termed as physiological adaptation.

2)Reversible cell injury:

                                         This type of cellular injury occurs when the cell fails to adapt due to loss of ability to meet the demands placed on it.Initially ,cellular injury may be reversible.

3)Irreversible Cell Injury: This type of cellular injury occurs when mitochondria or the cell membrane have been damaged irreversibly.

3)What are the different idiopathick causes of cellular injury? 

4)Explain physical and chemical injury.

ANS -

      Physical injuries are caused by a mechanical force.But the radiation injury has medical significance as the therapeutic exposure of radiation is used to destroy malignant tumours.

Water radiolysis directly gives hydroxyl ions which  may cause cell death from physical injury

Chemical injury - 

                          Chemical injury to the cells occurs by drugs and chemicals through any one of the following mechanism. 

1)Direct cytotoxic effect- Some chemicals bind to various cellular components and directly cause cell toxicity without without involvement of metabolic action

2)Conversion to reactive toxic metabolites -There are numerous chemicals which require metabolic activation to bring about cytotoxic effects.